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- ART, Page 74The San Francisco Rebellion
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- An exhibit shows how young artists rejected a whole ethos
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- By EDWARD M. GOMEZ
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- Abstract expressionism, that image-destroying,
- paint-flinging whirlwind, held sway as America's -- and
- modernism's -- dominant style during the 1940s and '50s. Though
- its base was New York City, the abstract-expressionist ethos
- pervaded every artistic center in the U.S., including the San
- Francisco Bay area. There, during the late '40s, a flourishing
- local school had been influenced by the forceful presence of
- artist-teachers Clyfford Still and Mark Rothko.
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- So it was a bold move that David Park, a young instructor
- at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, made
- one day in 1949. He gathered up all his abstract-expressionist
- canvases and, in an act that has gone down in local legend,
- drove to the Berkeley city dump and destroyed them. Park had
- become disenchanted with abstract expressionism's strict,
- non-representational regimen. He wanted, as he put it, to stop
- producing "paintings" and start painting "pictures." Two years
- later, he submitted a clearly representational work, Kids on
- Bikes, 1950, to a competitive show -- and won, to the
- astonishment of the Bay Area's close-knit art community. "My
- God," remarked Park's friend, former student and fellow painter
- Richard Diebenkorn. "What's happened to David?"
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- What had happened, and what it led to, is the theme of "Bay
- Area Figurative Art, 1950-1965," an exhibition rich in modern
- American art history, on view at the San Francisco Museum of
- Modern Art through Feb. 4. The show, consisting of 90
- paintings, drawings and sculptures, will travel during the rest
- of 1990 to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in
- Washington and then on to the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine
- Arts in Philadelphia. Focusing on Park and nine others, the
- well-researched survey suggests that the Bay Area artists'
- return to figurative art was not merely guerrilla resistance
- to abstract expressionism but a genuine stylistic movement. As
- the guest curator, Stanford University's Caroline A. Jones,
- writes in the catalog, it gave Bay Area artists "a way of
- saving that which was still vital and dynamic in the Abstract
- Expressionist style and a way of moving forward."
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- Diebenkorn, along with Elmer Bischoff and James Weeks,
- joined Park on the faculty at the California School of Fine
- Arts. All eventually coalesced as the movement's "first
- generation," pursuing the paths opened up by Park's early
- experiments. By 1954 Park had moved beyond his initial,
- hard-edged, painstaking compositions to a manner represented in
- the show by Nudes by a River, loosely sketched bodies set down
- on brushy backgrounds filled in with broad, drippy strokes.
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- Park, Diebenkorn and Bischoff regularly drew together from
- live models, eschewing abstract expressionism's notion of
- drawing "from the subconscious," a holdover from surrealist
- automatism. In a work of the '50s like Coffee, 1956, Diebenkorn
- smudged over or omitted facial features altogether. Bischoff
- harmonized roughly sketched figures and their environments in
- understated, cool-warm canvases like the perfectly composed
- Orange Sweater, 1955. Weeks, a billboard painter by trade,
- followed Park in destroying his earlier works, opting instead
- for abstracted figures rendered in big blocks of color.
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- Soon a more European-influenced "bridge generation" expanded
- the style by incorporating more autobiographical references and
- symbolism into its painting. Nathan Oliveira, who admired the
- work of Alberto Giacometti and Francis Bacon, gave his
- lumbering figures an existential thrashing on splattered,
- paint-encrusted surfaces. Paul Wonner could capture precise
- facial expressions in nearly transparent washes of color, or
- just as easily squeeze the pigment out with the goopy thickness
- of cake frosting. In Football Painting #2, 1956, Theophilus
- Brown added blurred images of bodies in motion to the mix.
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- Bay Area figurative art continued to evolve even after the
- charismatic Park's death from cancer in 1960 at age 49. Joan
- Brown, Manuel Neri and Bruce McGaw had all studied with the
- movement's pioneers. In the early '60s, these younger artists
- introduced more personal subject matter, along with something
- akin to the new spirit then percolating among San Francisco's
- Beat poets. Their work displayed the sensibility of the
- evolving "underground" scene -- angrier and more
- confrontational, yet also funnier.
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- Joan Brown exaggerated gesturalism and surface texture by
- troweling mortar-thick layers of paint on canvas. Her
- exuberant, gloppy subjects ranged from youthful nudes (Girls
- in the Surf with Moon Casting a Shadow, 1962) to kitchen
- appliances (Refrigerator Painting, 1964) and the goofy,
- squinting face of her pet dog (Models with Manuel's Sculpture,
- 1961). In Brown's anything-goes color schemes, brooding
- burgundies, hot pinks and Velveeta-cheese yellows oozed from the
- canvas with gooey gusto. In drawings on paper, she even
- collaged strips of fake fur. McGaw produced more
- straightforward self-portraits and still lifes, while sculptor
- Neri's headless, armless mannequins tried to take the
- figurative program into three dimensions.
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- By the mid-'60s the movement was winding down. Faced with
- the geometric, industrial forms of Pop and early minimalist
- art, paint-laden expressionism seemed exhausted and out of
- date. The second-generation artists moved on. Figures
- eventually vanished completely from Diebenkorn's work as he
- returned, in his Ocean Park series, to a refined and elegant
- abstraction.
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- Examining the Bay Area output today, viewers will recognize
- strong affinities to later styles. Brown's dense canvases
- helped lay the groundwork for San Francisco's subsequent funk
- explosion; Park's blank-faced male nudes anticipated Eric
- Fischl's anxious, naked suburbanites. Much of the vigorous Bay
- Area brushwork was reflected, more than a quarter-century
- later, in paint-happy neoexpressionism. Despite some occasional
- heavy-handedness, though, the works displayed in this show are
- far more engaging than their irony-loaded grandchildren of the
- '80s.
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- "I'd like to break down the damn picture plane!" Park
- declared at the outset of his daring venture. He and his
- followers never accomplished so complete a rupture.
- Nonetheless, they turned out what Park, had he lived to see
- them, might have called some very fine pictures.
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